Clinical Guidelines > Archived Documents > TB/HIV Infection (2005) >

18.0 References

  1. Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, et al. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1009-1021.
  2. UNIADS/WHO. AIDS epidemic update: December 2003. UNAIDS/WHO 2003. http://www.unaids.org/wad/2003/epiupdate2003
  3. Daley CL, Small PM, Schecter GF, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction fragment-length polymorphism. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 231-235.
  4. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 545-550.
  5. Personal communication Dr B Evans HPA UK.
  6. Bowen, E.F., Rice, P.S., Cooke, N.T., Whitfield, R. J., & Rayner, C.F. 2000, "HIV seroprevalence by anonymous testing in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in tuberculosis contacts", Lancet vol. 356, no. 9240, pp,. 1488-1489.
  7. Rose, A. M. , Sinka, K., Watson, J. M., Mortimer, J.Y., Charlett, A.  2002, "An estimate of the contribution of HIV infection to the recent rise in tuberculosis in England and Wales: Should all tuberculosis patients be routinely HIV tested?" Thorax57: 442-445.
  8. Jones BE, Young SMM, Antoniskis D, Davidson PT, Kramer F, Barnes PF. Relationship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1292-1297.http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=7902049&link_type=MED
  9. Chaisson RE, Schecter GF, Theuer CP, Rutherford GW, Echenberg DF, Hopewell PC. Tuberculosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: clinical features, response to therapy, and survival. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 570-574 http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=3631730&link_type=MED
  10. Ackah AN, Coulibaly D, Digbeu H, Diallo K, Vetter KM, Coulibaly IM, Greenberg AE, De Cock KM. Response to treatment, mortality, and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Lancet 1995; 345: 607-610 http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=7898177&link_type=MED
  11. Del Amo J, Petruckevitch A, Phillips AN et al.  Risk factors for tuberculosis in patients with AIDS in London: a case-control study. International Journal of Tuberculosis & Lung Disease 1999: 3: 12-7.
  12. Chapman AL, Munkanta M, Wilkinson KA, Pathan AA, Ewer K, Ayles H, Reece WH, Mwinga A, Godfrey-Faussett P, Lalvani A. Rapid detection of active and latent tuberculosis infection in HIV-positive individuals by enumeration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cells. AIDS 2002, Nov 22;16(17):2285-93.
  13. Chaisson RE, Clermont HC, Holt EA, Cantave M, Johnson MP, Atkinson J, Davis H, Boulos R, Quinn TC, Halsey NA.. Six-month supervised intermittent tuberculosis therapy in Haitian patients with and without HIV infection.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:1034-8
  14. Alwood K, Keruly J, Moore-Rice K, Stanton DL, Chaulk CP, Chaisson RE. Effectiveness of supervised, intermittent therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1994, 8:1103-8
  15. Anonymous. Acquired rifamycin resistance in persons with advanced HIV disease being treated for active tuberculosis with intermittent rifamycin-based regimens. MMWR 2002, 51: 214–15.
  16. El-Sadr WM, Perlman DC, Matts JP, Nelson ET, Cohn DL, Salomon N. Evaluation of an intensive intermittent-induction regimen and duration of short course treatment for human immunodeficiency virus-related pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26: 148–58.
  17. Vernon A, Burman W, Benator D, Khan A, Bozeman L, Tuberculosis Trials Consortium. Acquired rifamycin monoresistance in patients with HIV-related tuberculosis treated with once-weekly rifapentine and isoniazid. Lancet 1999, 353: 184.
  18. GonzalezMontaner LJ, Natal S, Yonchaiyud P, Olliaro P. Rifabutin for the treatment of newlydiagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis: a multinational, randomized, comparative study versus rifampicin. Tuber Lung Dis 1994, 75:341–347.
  19. McGregor MM, Olliaro P, Womarans L, Mabuza B, Bredell M, Felten MK, Fourie PB. Efficacy and safety of rifabutin in the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 154:1462–1467.
  20. Schwander S, Rusch-Gerdes S, Mateega A, Lutalo T, Tugume S, Kityo C, Rubaramira R, Mugyenyi P, Okwera A, Mugerwa R, et al. A pilot study of antituberculosis combinations comparing rifabutin with rifampicin in the treatment of HIV-1 associated tuberculosis: a single-blind randomized evaluation in Ugandan patients with HIV-1 infection and pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle Lung Dis 1995; 76: 210-218
  21. Narita M, Stambaugh JJ, Hollender ES, Jones D, Pitchenik AE, Ashkin D. Use of rifabutin with protease inhibitors for human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients with tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:779–783.
  22. Vernon A, Burman W, Benator D, Khan A, Bozeman L. Relapse with rifamycin mono-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients treated with supervised once-weekly rifapentine and isoniazid. Lancet 1999; 353: 1843-.1847
  23. Sterling TR, Alwood K, Gachuhi R et al. Relapse rates after short-course (6-month) treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected and uninfected persons. AIDS 1999; 13: 1899–904.
  24. Kassim S, Sassan-Morokro M, Ackah A et al. Two-year follow-up of persons with HIV-1- and HIV-2-associated pulmonary tuberculosis treated with short-course chemotherapy in West Africa. AIDS 1995; 9: 1185–91.
  25. Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Chemotherapy and management of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: recommendations 1998. Thorax 1998; 53:536–48.
  26. Perriens JH, St. Louis ME, Mukadi YB, Brown C, Prignot J, Pouthier F, Portaels F, Willame JC, Mandala JK, Kaboto M, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV infected patients in Zaire: a controlled trial of treatment for either 6 or 12 months. N Engl J Med 1995;332:779–784..
  27. El-Sadr WM, Perlman DC, Denning E, Matts JP, Cohn DL. A review of efficacy studies of 6-month short-course therapy for tuberculosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: differences in study outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 623–32.
  28. El-Sadr WM, Perlman DC, Matts JP, Nelson ET, Cohn DL, Salomon N. Evaluation of an intensive intermittent-induction regimen and duration of short course treatment for human immunodeficiency virus-related pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 148–58.
  29. Perriens JH, St. Louis ME, Mukadi YB, Brown C, Prignot J, Pouthier. Treatment of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Zaire: a controlled trial of treatment for either 6 or 12 months. N Engl J Med 1995;332:779–784.
  30. Kennedy N, Berger L, Curram J, Fox R, Gutmann J, Kisyombe GM, Ngowi FI, Ramsay ARC, Saruni AOS, Sam N, Tillotson G, Uiso LO, Yates M, Gillespie SH. Randomized controlled trial of a drug regimen that includes ciprofloxacin for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:827–833
  31. Jones JL, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, DeCock KM. HIV-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. The Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Group. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 11: 1026–31.
  32. Santoro-Lopes G, de Pinho AM, Harrison LH, Schechter M. Reduced risk of tuberculosis among Brazilian patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 543–6.
  33. Badri M, Wilson D, Wood R. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study. Lancet 2002; 359: 2059–64.
  34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treatment of Tuberculosis, American Thoracic Society, CDC, and Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR 2003;52 (No.RR-11).
  35. Burman WJ, Gallicano K, Peloquin C. Therapeutic implications of drug interactions in the treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 419-430. http://bmj.com/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=ajrccm&resid=164/1/7
  36. Pozniak AL, Miller R, Ormerod LP. The treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. AIDS 1999; 13: 435–45.
  37. Combalbert J, Fabre I, Dalet I, Derancourt J, Cano JP, Maurel P. Metabolism of cyclosporine A. IV. purification and identification of rifampicin-inducible human liver cytochrome P-450 (cyclosporin A oxidase) as a product of P450IIIA gene subfamily. Drug Metab Dispos 1989; 17: 197-207.
  38. Kolars JC, Schmiedlin-Ren P, Schuetz JD, Fang C, Watkins PB. Identification of rifampin-inducible P450IIIA4 (CYP3A4) in human small bowel enterocytes. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1871-8.
  39. Kim RB, Fromm MF, Wandel C, et al. The drug transporter P-glycoprotein limits oral absorption and brain entry of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 289-294.
  40. Schuetz EG, Schinkel AH, Relling MV, Schuetz JD. P-glycoprotein: a major determinant of rifampicin –inducible expression of cytochrome P4503A in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996; 93: 4001-4005.
  41. Li AP, Reith MK, Rasmussen A, et al. Primary human hepatocyes as a tool for the evaluation of structure – activity relationship in cytochrome P450 induction potential of xenobiotics: evaluation of rifampin, rifapentine and rifabutin. Chem Biolog Interact 1997, 107: 17-30.,
  42. Burger DM, Meenhorst PL, Koks CHW, Beijnen JH: Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and zidovudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993, 37:1426–1431.
  43. Gallicano KD, Sahai J, Shukla VK, et al. Induction of zidovudine glucuronidation and amination pathways by rifampicin in HIV-infected patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 48: 168-179.
  44. Bertz R, Hsu A, Lam W et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between lopinavir/ritonavir (ABT-378r) and other non-HIV drugs. AIDS 2000; 14(Suppl 4): S100.
  45. La Porte CJL, Colbers EPH, Koopmans PP, Hekter YA, Burger DM. Pharmacokinetics (PK) of two adjusted dose regimens of lopinavir/ritonovir (LPV/r) in combination with rifampin (RIF) in healthy volunteers. Program and abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, California, September 2002. Abstract A-1823.
  46. Veldkamp AI, Hoetelmans RMW, Beijnen JH, Mulder JW, Meenhorst PL. Ritonovir enables combined therapy with rifampin and saquinavir. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29: 1586.          http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10585827&link_type=MED. 
  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for the use of rifamycins for the treatment of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients taking protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/tb/TB_HIV_Drugs/PDF/tbhiv.pdf
  48. Benedek IH, Joshi A, Fiske WD, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and rifampin in healthy volunteers [abstract]. In: Program and abstracts of the 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, June 28-July 3, 1998.
  49. Lopéz-cortés LF, Ruiz-Valderas R, Viciana P, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41: 681-690.
  50. Pedral-Samapio D, Alves C, Netto E, et al. Efficacy of efavirenz 600 mg dose in the ARV therapy regimen for HIV patients receiving rifampicin in the treatment tuberculosis. 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 2003, Boston, MA. Abstract 784.http://www.retroconference.org/2003/Abstract/Abstract.aspx?AbstractID=1930
  51. Oliva J, Moreno S, Sanz J, et al. Co-administration of rifampin and nevirapine in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. AIDS 2003; 17: 637-638.
  52. Ribera E, Pou L, Lopez RM, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. AIDS 2001; 28: 450-453.
  53. Robinson P, Lamson M, Gigliotti M et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and rifampicin [abstract]. In: Program and abstracts of the 12th World AIDS Conference. Geneva: Switzerland, 1998.
  54. Dean GL, Back DJ, de Ruiter A. Effect of tuberculosis therapy on nevirapine trough plasma concentrations. AIDS 1999; 13:2489–90.
  55. Desta Z, Soukhova NV, Flockhart DA. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) by isoniazid: potent inhibition of CYP2C19 and CYP3A. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 382-392.
  56. Wen X, Wang J-S, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT. Isoniazid is a mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 1A2, 2A6, 2C19, and 3A4 isoforms in human liver microsomes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 57: 799-804.
  57. Dean GL, Edwards SG, Ives NJ et al. Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-1 infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002; 16: 75–83.
  58. Ungo JR, Jones D, Ashkin D, Hollender ES, Bernstein D, Albanese AP, Pitchenik AE. Antituberculosis druginduced hepatotoxicity. The role of hepatitis C virus and the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1871–1876.
  59. Sadaphal P, Astemborski J Graham NM, Sheely L, BondsM, Madison A, Vlahov D, Thomas DL, Sterling TR. Isoniazid preventive therapy, hepatitis C virus infection, and hepatotoxicity among injection drug users infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1687–1691.
  60. Breen RAM, Lipman MCI, Johnson MA. Increased incidence of peripheral neuropathy with co-administration of stavudine and isoniazid in HIV infected individuals. AIDS 2000; 14: 615.
  61. Peloquin CA, MacPhee AA, Berning SE. Malabsorption of antimycobacterial medications [letter]. N Engl J Med 1993;329: 1122–3.
  62. Patel KB, Belmonte R, Grove HM. Drug malabsorption and resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 336–7.
  63. Berning SE, Huitt GA, Iseman MD, Peloquin CA. Malabsorption of antituberculosis medications by a patient with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1817–18.
  64. Peloquin CA, Nitta AT, Burman WJ et al. Low antituberculosis drug concentrations in patients with AIDS. Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30: 919–25. http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=8876848&link_type=MED
  65. Sahai J, Gallicano K, Swick L et al. Reduced plasma concentrations of antituberculous drugs in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 289–93.http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=9265429&link_type=MED.
  66. Taylor J, Smith PJ. Does AIDS impair the absorption of antituberculosis agents? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 670–5.
  67. Peloquin CA. Using therapeutic drug monitoring to dose the antimycobacterial drugs. Clin Chest Med 1997; 18: 79-87http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=9098612&link_type=MED
  68. Murray J, Sonnenberg P, Shearer SC, and Godfrey-Faussett P. Human immunodeficiency virus and the outcome of treatment for new and recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis in African patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 733-740.
  69. Nunn P, Brindle R, Carpenter L, et al. Cohort study of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with tuberculosis in Nairobi, Kenya: analysis of early (6-month) mortality. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 849-854.
  70. Churchyard GJ, kleinschmidt I, Corbett EL, Murray J, Smit J, De Cock KM. Factors associated with an increased case-fatality rate in HIV-infected and non-infected South African gold miners with pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4: 705-712
  71. Moreno S. World AIDS Conference, Barcelona Spain 2002; Abstract TuOr 171.
  72. Burman WJ, Jones BE. Treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 7-12.
  73. American Thoracic Society Documents. American Thoracic Society / Centers of Disease Control and Prevention / Infectious Diseases Society of America: treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 603-662.
  74. World Health Organization. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: guidelines for a public health approach. WHO 2004. http://www.who.int/3by5/publications/en/arv_eng.pdf..
  75. Navas E, Oliva J, Miralles P et al. Antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patient. XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, 2002; abstract ThPeB7271.
  76. Chaulk CP, Kazdanjian VA. Directly observed therapy for treatment completion of tuberculosis: consensus statement of the Public Health Tuberculosis Guidelines Panel. JAMA 1998;279:943–948
  77. Zwarenstein M, Schoeman JH, Vundule C, Lombard CJ, Tatley M. Randomised controlled trial of self-supervised and directly observed treatment of tuberculosis. Lancet 1998; 352: 1340-1343.
  78. Walley JD, Khan MA, Newell JN, Khan MH. Effectiveness of the directly observation component of DOTS for tuberculosis: a randomised controlled trial in Pakistan. Lancet 2001; 357: 664-669.
  79. Karmoltratanakul C, Sawert H, Lertmaharit S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of directly observed treatment (DOT) for patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999; 93: 552-557
  80. Farmer P, Léandre F, Mukherjee J, Gupta R, Tarter L, Kim JY. Community-based treatment of advanced HIV disease: introducing DOT-HAART (directly observed therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy). Bull World Health Organization 2001; 79: 1145-1151.
  81. Graham NMH, Nelson KE, Solomon L, et al.  Prevalence of tuberculin positivity and skin test anergy in HIV-1-seropositive and seronegative intravenous drug users.  JAMA 1992;267:369-373.
  82. Markowitz N, Hansen NI, Wilcosky TC, et al.  Tuberculin and anergy testing in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative persons.  Ann Intern Med 1993;119:185-193.
  83. Huebner RE, Schein MF, Hall CA, Barnes SA.  Delayed-type hypersensitivity anergy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons screened for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:26-32
  84. Caiaffa WT, Graham NMH, Galai N, Rizzo RT, Nelson KE, Vlahov D.  Instability of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test anergy in human immunodeficiency virus infection.  Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2111-2117
  85. Chin DP, Osmond D, Page-Shafer K, et al.  Reliability of anergy skin testing in persons with HIV infection.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1982-1984.
  86. Yanai H, Uthaivoravit W, Mastro TD, et al.  Utility of tuberculin and anergy skin testing in predicting tuberculosis infection inhuman immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in Thailand.  Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997;1:427-434.
  87. Johnson MP, Coberly JS, Clermont HC, et al.  Tuberculin skin test reactivity among adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus.  J Infect Dis 1992;166:194-198.
  88. Moreno S, Bavaia-Etxabury J, Bouza E, et al.  Risk for developing tuberculosis among anergic patients infected with HIV.  Ann Intern Med 1993;119:194-198.
  89. Holden M, Dubin MR, Diamond PH. Frequency of negative intermediate-strength tuberculin sensitivity in patients with active tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 1506–9.
  90. Graham NMH, Nelson KE, Solomon L et al. Prevalence of tuberculin positivity and skin test anergy in HIV-1-seropositive and seronegative intravenous drug users. J Am Med Assoc1992; 267: 369–73.
  91. Huebner RE, Schein MF, Hall CA, Barnes SA. Delayed-type hypersensitivity anergy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons screened for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 26–32.
  92. Johnson MP, Coberly JS, Clermont HC et al. Tuberculin skin test reactivity among adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 194–8.
  93. Markowitz N, Hansen NI, Wilcoskytc et al. Tuberculin and anergy testing in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative persons. Pulmonary complications of HIV infection study group. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 185-193.
  94. Chin DP, Osmond D, Page-Shafer K et al. Reliability of anergy skin testing in persons with HIV infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 1982–4.
  95. Yanai H, Uthaivoravit W, Mastro TD et al. Utility of tuberculin and anergy skin testing in predicting tuberculosis infection inhuman immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in Thailand. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1: 427–34.
  96. Caiaffa WT, Graham NMH, Galai N, Rizzo RT, Nelson KE, Vlahov D. Instability of delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test anergy in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 2111–17.
  97. De Cock KM, Grant A, Porter JD Preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: international recommendations, research, and practice. Lancet 1995 ;345:833-6.
  98.  Gordin FM, Matts JP, Miller C, et al.  A controlled trial of isoniazid in persons with anergy and human immunodeficiency virus infection who are at high risk for tuberculosis.  N Engl J Med 1997;37:315-320.
  99. Jordon TJ, Levit EM, Montgomery EL, Reichman LB.  Isoniazid as preventive therapy in HIV-infected intravenous drug abusers: a decision analysis.  JAMA 1991;265:2987-2991.
  100. Warren RM, Van Helden PD. HIV-1 and tuberculosis infection. Lancet 2002; 359: 1619–20.
  101. Jordon TJ, Levit EM, Montgomery EL, Reichman LB. Isoniazid as preventive therapy in HIV-infected intravenous drug abusers: a decision analysis. J Am Med Assoc 1991; 265: 2987–91.
  102. Smieja MJ, Marchetti CA, Cook DJ, Smaill FM. Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in non-HIV infected persons (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 2. Oxford, 2002.
  103. Gordin FM, Matts JP, Miller C et al. A controlled trial of isoniazid in persons with anergy and human immunodeficiency virus infection who are at high risk for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1997; 37: 315–20.
  104. Quigley MA, Mwinga A, Hosp M, Lisse I, Fuchs D, Porter JDH, et al. Long-term effect of preventive therapy for tuberculosis in a cohort of HIV-infected Zambian adults. AIDS 2001; 15: 215-222.http://bmj.com/cgi/external_ref?access_num=11216930&link_type=MED.
  105. Aisu T, Raviglione MC, van Praag E, Eriki P, Narain JP, Barugahare L, et al. Preventive chemotherapy for HIV-associated tuberculosis in Uganda: an operational assessment at a voluntary counselling and testing centre. AIDS 1995; 9: 267-273.http://bmj.com/cgi/external_ref?access_num=7755915&link_type=MED
  106. Ayles H, Mukombo D, Godfrey-Faussett P. Is it feasible to administer TB preventative therapy in Lusaka? HIV and TB in industrialised countries XIII International Conference on AIDS, Durban, 2000; abstract ThPeB5212.
  107. Charalambou SS, Fielding K, Day JH et al. Effectiveness of primary prophylaxis regimes among HIV infected employees in South Africa. XIV International Conference on AIDS, Barcelona, 2002; abstract MoOrB1006.
  108. Gordin F, Chaisson RE, Matts JP et al. Rifampicin and pyrazinamide versus isoniazid for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV infected persons: an international randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 283: 1445–50.
  109. Mwinga A, Hosp M, Godfrey-Faussett P et al. Twice weekly tuberculosis preventive therapy in HIV infection in Zambia. AIDS 1998; 12: 2447–57.
  110. Halsey NA, Coberly JS, Desormeaux J et al. Randomized trial of isoniazid versus rifampicin and pyrazinamide for the prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1998; 351: 786–92.
  111. Update: fatal and severe liver injuries associated with rifampicin and pyrazinamide for latent tuberculosis infection, and revisions in American Thoracic Society/CDC recommendations, United States, 2001. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 1319-1320.
  112. Sonnerberg P, Murray J, Glynn JR, Shewer S, Kambashi B, Godfrey-Faussett P. HIV-1 and recurrence, relapse and reinfection of tuberculosis after cure: a cohort study in South African mineworkers. Lancet 2001; 358: 1687–93.http://bmj.com/cgi/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=ajrccm&resid=164/7/1319
  113. Fitzgerald D, Desvarieux M, Severe P, Joseph P, Johnson W, Pape J. Effect of post-treatment isoniazid on prevention of recurrent tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected individuals: a randomized trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 1470–4.
  114. Fielding KL, Hayes RJ, Charalambou SS et al. Efficacy of secondary isoniazid preventative therapy among HIV infected South Africans. XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, 2002; abstract ThPeB7275.
  115. Haller L, Sossouhounto R, Coulibaly IM et al. Isoniazid plus sulphodoxine-pyrimethamine can reduce morbidity of HIV-positive patients treated for tuberculosis in Africa. A controlled clinical trial. Chemotherapy 1999; 45: 452–65.
  116. The Interdepartmental Working Group on Tuberculosis. The prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. UK guidance on the prevention and control of : 1. HIV-related tuberculosis; 2. drug-resistant,including Multiple Drug-resistant, Tuberculosis. Department of Health September 1998.
  117. Breen RA, Smith CJ, Bettinson H, Dart S, Bannister B, Johnson MA, Lipman MC Paradoxical reactions during tuberculosis treatment in patients with and without HIV co-infection. Thorax  2004;8:704-7.
  118. Judson MA. Highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV with tuberculosis: pardon the granuloma. Chest 2002; 122: 399–400.
  119. Crump, JA, Tyrer, MJ, Lloyd-Owen, SJ, et al. (1998) Military tuberculosis with paradoxical expansion of intracranial tuberculomas complicating human immunodeficiency virus infection in a patient receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis,26,1008-1009.http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=9564502&link_type=MED
  120.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis after antiretroviral therapy. Med J Aust,169,473-474.http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=9847899&link_type=MED
  121. Kunimoto, DY, Chui, L, Nobert, E, et al (1999) Immune mediated ‘HAART’ attack during treatment for tuberculosis: highly active antiretroviral therapy. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,3,944-947. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10524594&link_type=MED
  122. Mofredj, A, Guerin, JM, Leibinger, F, et al (1996) Paradoxical worsening in tuberculosis during therapy in an HIV-infected patient [letter]. Infection24,390-391. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=8923052&link_type=MED.
  123. Ramdas, K, Minamoto, GY (1994) Paradoxical presentation of intracranial tuberculomas after chemotherapy in a patient with AIDS [letter]. Clin Infect Dis19,793-794. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=7803655&link_type=MED
  124. Campbell, IA, Dyson, AJ (1977) Lymph node tuberculosis: a comparison of various methods of treatment. Tubercle58,171-179. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=601870&link_type=MED .
  125. Chambers ST, Record C, Hendricks WA, Rudge WA, Smith H. Paradoxical expansion of intracranial tuberculomas during chemotherapy. Lancet 1984;2:181-184. http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=6146749&link_type=MED
  126. Afghani B, Lieberman JM. Paradoxical enlargement or development of intracranial tuberculomas during therapy: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19: 1092-1099.http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=7888539&link_type=MED
  127. Narita M, Ashkin D, Hollender ES, and Pitchenik AE. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 157-161.
  128. Navas E, Martín-Dávila P, Moreno L, et al. Paradoxical reactions of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who are treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 97-99.
  129. Race EM, Adelson-Mitty J, Kriegel GR, et al. Focal mycobacterial lymphadenitis following initiation of protease-inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. Lancet 1998; 351: 252-255.
  130. Foudraine NA, Hovenkamp E, Notermans DW, et al. Immunopathology as result highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 1999; 13: 177-184.
  131. Choremis CB, Padiatellis C, Zoumboulakis D, Yannakos D. Transitory exacerbation of fever and roentgenographic findings during treatment of tuberculosis in children. Am Rev Tuberc 1955; 72: 527–36.
  132. Minguez C, Roca B, Gonzalez-Mino C et al. Superior vena cava syndrome during the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in an HIV-1 infected patient. J Infect 2000; 40: 187–9. http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10841098&link_type=MED
  133. Navos S, Moreno L, Martin-Davila V et al. TB reactivation in AIDS patients treated with HAART. 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, 1999.
  134. Wendel KA, Alwood KS, Gachuhi R, Chaisson RE, Bishai WR, Sterling TR. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. Chest 2001; 120: 193–7.
  135. Furrer, H, Malinverni, R (1999) Systemic inflammatory reaction after starting highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients treated for extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Med106,371-372.http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/external_ref?access_num=10190387&link_type=MED
  136. Schluger NW, Perez D, Liu YM. Reconstitution of immune responses to tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection who receive antiretroviral therapy. Chest 2002; 122: 597–602.
  137. Price P, Morahan G, Huang D et al. Polymorphisms in cytokine genes define subpopulations of HIV-1 patients who experienced immune restortion diseases. AIDS 2002; 16: 2043–7.
  138. Price P, Mathiot N, Krueger R, Stere S, Keane NB, French MA. Immune restoration disease in HIV patients given highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Virol 2001; 22: 279–87.
  139. Stone SF, Price P, Brochier J, French MA. Plasma bioavailable interleukin-6 is elevated in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who experience herpes-virus associated immune restoration disease after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 2001; 184: 1073-1077.59.
  140. Stone SF, Price P, Keane NM, Murray RJ, French MA. Levels of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor are increased in HIV patients with a history of immune restoration disease after HAART. HIV Med 2002; 3: 21-27.
  141. Morlese JF, Orkin CM, Abbas R, et al. Plasma IL-6 as a marker of mycobacterial immune restoration disease in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2003; 17: 1411-1413.
  142. Perez D, Liu Y, Jung T et al. Reconstitution of host immunity to M tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals [abstract]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: A224.
  143. Greenberg AE, Lucas S, Tossou O et al. Autopsy-proven causes of death in HIV-infected patients treated for      tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. AIDS 1995, 9:1251-1254.
  144. 144.    Yee D, Valiquette C, Pelletier M et al. Incidence of serious side effects from first-line antituberculosis drugs among patients treated for active tuberculosis. J Respir Crit Care Med 2003 Jun 1;167(11):1472-7. Epub 2003 Jan 31
  145. Devoto FM, Gonzalez C, Iannantuono R et al. Risk factors for hepatotoxicity induced by antituberculosis drugs. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Ther Latinoam. 1997;47(4):197-202.